Certificate of Origin as an Export Risk Mitigation Instrument: Evidence from PT KPI RU II Dumai

Dani Nurmaliki; Rizqi Adhyka Kusumawati

doi:10.55927/cjas.v4i8.213

Penulis

Dani Nurmaliki Universitas Islam Indonesia
Rizqi Adhyka Kusumawati Universitas Islam Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.55927/cjas.v4i8.213

Kata Kunci:

Certificate of Origin, Export, Risk Mitigation, International Trade, Letter of Credit

Abstrak

Export activities are a major driver of economic growth, but they expose firms to compliance, operational, and financial risks. This paper examines the role of the Certificate of Origin (CoO) in mitigating export risk, using a qualitative case study of PT Kilang Pertamina Internasional Refinery Unit II Dumai. Primary data were collected through interviews and documentation with the Finance function during a three-month internship and analyzed against rules-of-origin and trade-finance literature. The results show that the CoO functions as more than proof of origin: it supports preferential-tariff eligibility, verifies product traceability, and underpins Letter of Credit disbursement. The CoO is found to mitigate three interrelated risks in the export of Marine Fuel Oil, Low Sulphur Fuel Oil, and Green Coke, namely dumping allegations, mis-declaration of origin, and payment-related operational risk. Consistent and well-integrated CoO documentation is recommended to sustain export compliance and competitiveness.

Referensi

Akbar, G. A., App, P., Muhammad, J., & Ramadhan, F. (2025). Perlindungan Perdagangan dan Penguatan Sistem Hukum Industri Ekspor di Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi Dan Manajemen, 3(2), 12630. https://doi.org/10.61722/jiem.v3i2.3787

Anam, H. (2023). Manajemen Risiko; Teori dan Manfaat. Jurnal At-Tamwil: Kajian Ekonomi Syariah, 5(1), 16–31. https://ejournal.iaifa.ac.id/index.php/attamwil

Dewanty, E. H. R. K. (2012). Rules of Origin Sebagai Instrumen Penanganan Praktik Illegal Transhipment. Yuridika, 27(2), 157–172. https://doi.org/10.20473/ydk.v27i2.294

Eduard, A., Nuruwe, A., & Suparno, B. (2024). Tinjauan Yuridis Pemberitahuan Ekspor Barang dalam Kepabeanan Indonesia. Jurnal Hukum dan Kepabeanan, 13(2).

Hasan, H., Informasi, S., Vidio, D., & Pendahuluan, I. (2022). Pengembangan sistem informasi dokumentasi terpusat pada STMIK Tidore Mandiri. Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Komputer, 2(1), 23–29.

Latifah, E. (2015). Pengaturan Rules of Origin Di Indonesia Dan Masalah-Masalah Hukum Yang Ditimbulkannya. Yustisia Jurnal Hukum, 4(1), 33–54. https://doi.org/10.20961/yustisia.v4i1.8618

Mahda, A. S., Zumrodah, A., Daud, K. I., & Anshori, M. I. (2025). Perjanjian Perdagangan Internasional dan Implikasinya bagi Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial, 12(5), 1957.

Moeleong, L. J. (2018). Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif (38th ed.). PT Remaja Rosdakarya.

Nafisatur, M. (2024). Metode Pengumpulan Data Penelitian. Metode Pengumpulan Data Penelitian, 3(5), 5423–5443.

PT Kilang Pertamina Internasional. (2025). Overview Finance [Internal company document]. https://kpi.pertamina.com

Rachmawati, I. N. (2007). Pengumpulan Data Dalam Penelitian Kualitatif: Wawancara. Jurnal Keperawatan Indonesia, 11(1), 35–40. https://doi.org/10.7454/jki.v11i1.184

Rasbin. (2020). Manfaat Perjanjian Perdagangan Internasional Terhadap Kegiatan Perdagangan Dan Investasi Bagi Indonesia. Kajian, 25(4), 301–322. https://jurnal.dpr.go.id/index.php/kajian/article/view/3901

Rukhmana, T. (2021). Memahami sumber data penelitian. Jurnal Edu Research: Indonesian Institute For Corporate Learning And Studies (IICLS), 2(2), 28–33.

Safrudin, R., Zulfamanna, Kustati, M., & Sepriyanti, N. (2023). Penelitian Kualitatif. Journal Of Social Science Research, 3(2), 1–15.

Sahgal, A. (2024). Perdagangan Internasional. Merdeka Indonesia Journal International (MIJI), 4(1), 9–15.

Tobing, R. P., Sunaryo, T., & Mangani, K. S. (2021). Analisis Risiko Transaksi Pembayaran Perdagangan Internasional. Jurnal Manajemen Risiko, 2(I), 79–103. https://doi.org/10.33541/mr.v2iI.3439

Vikaliana, R. (2018). Faktor-Faktor Risiko Dalam Perusahaan Jasa Pengiriman. Jurnal Logistik Indonesia, 1(1), 68–76. https://doi.org/10.31334/jli.v1i1.128

Abreha, K. G., & Robertson, R. (2023). Heterogeneous trade agreements and adverse implications of restrictive rules of origin: Evidence from apparel trade. The World Economy, 46(12), 3482–3510. https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.13472

Andersson, A. (2016). Export Performance and Access to Intermediate Inputs: The Case of Rules of Origin Liberalisation. The World Economy, 39(8), 1048–1079. https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.12321

Barmak, G. (2025). Risk mitigation strategies in exports to markets with exchange restrictions: an integrative review. Revista JRG de Estudos Acadêmicos, 8(19), e082477. https://doi.org/10.55892/jrg.v8i19.2477

Böhmecke-Schwafert, M. (2024). The role of blockchain for trade in global value chains: A systematic literature review and guidance for future research. Telecommunications Policy, 48(9), 102835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2024.102835

Bombarda, P., & Gamberoni, E. (2013). Firm Heterogeneity, Rules of Origin, and Rules of Cumulation. International Economic Review, 54(1), 307–328. https://ideas.repec.org/a/wly/iecrev/v54y2013i1p307-328.html

Cadot, O., Carrère, C., de Melo, J., & Tumurchudur, B. (2006). Product-specific rules of origin in EU and US preferential trading arrangements: an assessment. World Trade Review, 5(2), 199–224. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1474745606002758

Cipollina, M. (2022). The Trade Growth under the EU–SADC Economic Partnership Agreement: An Empirical Assessment. Economies, 10(12), 302. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies10120302

Conconi, P., García-Santana, M., Puccio, L., & Venturini, R. (2018). From Final Goods to Inputs: The Protectionist Effect of Rules of Origin. American Economic Review, 108(8), 2335–2365. https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v108y2018i8p2335-65.html

Crozet, M., Demir, B., & Javorcik, B. (2022). International trade and letters of credit: Evidence from the COVID-19 crisis. Journal of International Economics, 138, 103694. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2022.103694

Curran, L., & Nadvi, K. (2015). Shifting trade preferences and value chain impacts in the Bangladesh textiles and garment industry. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 8(3), 459–474. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsv019

Duarte, L. C. (1997). Dumping and Anti-Dumping in International Trade: Origins, Legal Nature, and Evolution Developments in Brazil and in the United States (LLM Theses and Essays). University of Georgia School of Law. https://digitalcommons.law.uga.edu/stu_llm/194/

Eicher, T. S., & Henn, C. (2011). In search of WTO trade effects: Preferential trade agreements promote trade strongly, but unevenly. Journal of International Economics, 83(2), 137–153. https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/inecon/v83y2011i2p137-153.html

Felbermayr, G., Gröschl, J. L., & Steininger, M. (2019). Rules of origin and the profitability of trade deflection. Journal of International Economics, 121, 103248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2019.103248

Hayakawa, K., & Laksanapanyakul, N. (2017). Impacts of common rules of origin on FTA utilization. International Economics and Economic Policy, 14(1), 75–90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10368-015-0326-y

Kamaluddin, I., Putri, E. R., Lahuri, S. bin, & Arief, S. (2021). Maqâshid Syarî'ah Perception Toward Letter of Credit as Export-Import Risk Mitigation at Indonesian Fishery Trade Experience. Tsaqafah, 17(1), 187–206. https://doi.org/10.21111/tsaqafah.v17i1.6761

Niepmann, F., & Schmidt-Eisenlohr, T. (2017). International trade, risk, and the role of banks. Journal of International Economics, 107, 111–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2017.03.007

Qu, Y., Yang, H., Wu, K., & Jiao, Y. (2025). Exploring the effects of rules of origin and tariff margins on China's export enterprise under the China–Korea Free Trade Agreement. Asian-Pacific Economic Literature, 39(1), 65–85. https://ideas.repec.org/a/bla/apacel/v39y2025i1p65-85.html

Sequeira, S., & Djankov, S. (2014). Corruption and firm behavior: Evidence from African ports. Journal of International Economics, 94(2), 277–294. https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/inecon/v94y2014i2p277-294.html

Sytsma, T. (2021). Rules of origin and trade preference utilization among least developed countries. Contemporary Economic Policy, 39(4), 701–718. https://doi.org/10.1111/coep.12529

Tanaka, K., & Fukunishi, T. (2022). Rules of origin and exports in developing economies: The case of garment products. Journal of Asian Economics, 82, 101527. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asieco.2022.101527